Global Energy

RAR RUS 8-18 Petrenia Iurii Development program of Russian gas turbine power technologies Gas plays a crucial role in the current and future fuel energy balance of Russia and many countries, including the United States and Europe. Energy efficiency is enhanced by using highly advanced technologies for gas turbine energy. Ensuring the competitiveness of the Russian energy sector involves using gas turbines and combined-cycle plants. The promising market for these technologies is of great interest to the Russian industry, particularly, for increasing its export potential. Russia has experience in development and integration of gas energy turbines, a large scientific and industrial potential for devising new, globally competitive gas energy technologies. It was proposed to implement a comprehensive science and technology investment program (national project) in this area. It is noted that developing domestic gas-turbine power technologies is one of the most important priorities in ensuring energy security and scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. It was proposed to coordinate the implementation of the project that is multidisciplinary from a scientific and applied standpoint and cooperation of academic, sectoral and university science with industry under the scientific and methodological guidance of the Russian Academy of Sciences (OEMMP RAS). 10.18721/JEST.25101 536.24:620.9:621.165 gas energy turbines modern and future energy energy efficiency energy security basic research a comprehensive investment research program (national project) https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.1/ 1_Petrenya.pdf

RAR RUS 19-29 Kostin Vlaimir kostin_vn@mail.ru Serikov Vladimir Vladimir Computer simulation of operating power supply modes with non linear load Study on the operating modes of a power supply system: 6-10/0.4 kV, with linear and non-linear (rectifier) loads and a capacitor battery on the low-voltage side, was performed in the Multisim software package. We have found the dependences of the current’s higher harmonics, generated by a nonlinear load, on the level of compensation of reactive power and the power ratio of linear and nonlinear loads. The magnitude of the total current flowing through a capacitor battery in near resonance modes is evaluated. It has been established that non-periodic and oscillatory components appear in such modes in the current switching interval by the diodes, and the magnitudes of the current harmonics generated by the rectifier are significantly reduced compared to the absence of resonance modes. It is shown that the quality of the voltage does not correspond to the norms in resonance and near-resonance modes. A comparison of simulation results has been made between three-phase and simplified single-phase models. 10.18721/JEST.25102 621.311.1.018.3 harmonics capacitor batteries сomputer simulation compensation of reactive power resonance mode https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.2/ 2_Kostin.pdf

RAR RUS 30-39 Klyucharov Vladimir S. Nikulin Nikolai K. Svichkar Elena V. Energy characteristics of molecular-viscous vacuum pumps The paper discusses the components of energy costs for high-vacuum pumps, which also include molecular-viscous vacuum pumps, which are a new modern development. The principle of operation of molecular-viscous pumps allows them to operate in a wide pressure range, i.e., from high vacuum through to low. Due to changes in the range of operating pressures generated by the pump, there is a significant increase in the power of the pump motor (typically with an increase in pressure). At the moment there is no data about the energy consumption of these pumps. Analysis of the working conditions of the molecular-viscous vacuum pump in various ranges of pressures helped to identify the main factors influencing the change in the power and measures for decreasing it, for example, by redistribution of loads in the stages of multistage pumps, change of step lengths, rotation speeds of pump rotors. Reducing the energy costs of the pump will reduce the power consumption and cost of pumps, improving their operational efficiency. 10.18721/JEST.25103 81.29.14 molecular–viscous vacuum pump power characteristic power speed regulation of the engine https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.3/ 3_Klyucharov.pdf

RAR RUS 40-46 Jamanbalin Berik Koksharov Vladimir Expert evaluations of main problems in development of electric energy in Kazakhstan The article reviews the problems associated with development of the electric power industry in Kazakhstan. We have devised a methodological approach to identifying the main problems of the industry’s development, a three-stage scheme for solving problems and multidimensional ranging procedures, allowing to establish the priorities for the development of the industry in conjunction with the key goals of the country. The proposed methodological approach to choosing the main problems of the branch, that is, the electric power industry, should perhaps make it possible to use ideas and some parts of this approach in other areas or complex sectors of the economy. A new element, which is taking into account the main interests of the region during significant changes in energy enterprises, was added to the supplementary elements of the planning scheme for the development strategy of energy companies that we previously proposed (consideration of the country’s main problems; optimization of financial and organizational forms of enterprises in the industry). A method for such accounting has been developed, based on construction of cognitive maps. The standard of living of the region’s population is taken as the main final parameter of the region. An algorithm is proposed for confirming the presence or absence of links between the politicians and the goals of the industry and the country. The task of the algorithm is to determine whether the given problem is associated with the above indicators. The solution for this task determines the method chosen for solving problem in the algorithm for identifying the main problems of the industry. In this study we have reviewed the development of branches of electronics in Kazakhstan. The goal of the study is in developing the theoretical and methodological guidelines and practical recommendations for identifying priority problems in the power industry for formulating strategic plans for development of the power industry in the country. The following tasks were set and solved to achieve the goal: 1. to develop a methodology for identifying the main economic problems of the power industry in terms of competitiveness; 2. to investigate the existing methodological approaches and propose an original approach to identifying the main problems in the development of the country's electric power industry; 3. to propose a methodology for ranking the priority problems of the industry, based on taking into account the connections of organizational and financial form of enterprises with the growth of innovation, the scale of investment and the level of competitiveness; 4. to develop a toolkit for assessing the impact of the industry’s priority problems on the security level of a country and the life of the population. 10.18721/JEST.25104 620.9 problems of industry; ranking problems; objectives of country; objectives of industry; index of competitiveness https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.4/ 4_Dzhamanbalin.pdf

RAR RUS 47-59 Likhanov Vitaly Lopatin Oleg Kozlov Andrey Modeling soot formation in cylinder of diesel engine Soot is the main component of the solid particles contained in exhaust gases of diesel engines, which is formed from the products of thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon fuel. A mathematical model for predicting the fluidity of exhaust gases of diesel engines at different load and speed modes of operation is proposed. The current content of the gas mixture components in the reaction zone, depending on the angle of rotation of the crankshaft, was obtained by numerical simulation. Such indicators of soot content in the cylinder volume as the minimum average diameter of the particles, the maximum soot mass, the angle of the maximum soot content, the total mass of soot particles in the cylinder and the total soot release were determined. Laboratory and bench studies of diesel 2F 10.5/12.0 have been carried out, determining indicator pressure, indicator temperature of the gases in the cylinder, heat release rate and indicators of toxicity and smoke exhaust gases. The results of simulation of smokiness of the diesel exhaust gases are confirmed by experimental measurements in different operating modes. 10.18721/JEST.25105 621.43 soot smoke diesel exhaust gases heat generation https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.5/ 5_Lihanov.pdf

RAR RUS 60-70 Pereslytskikh Oleg Belyaev Andrey andrey.belyaev@gmail.com Stability of ultra-long transmission lines with controlled shunt compensation The paper is dedicated to investigation of ultra-high voltage long-distance transmission lines with controlled shunt reactors installed to compensate for line parameters and with synchronous condensers to increase small signal stability. The operating conditions of a 4000 km line are considered. The effect of installation sites and capacity of synchronous condensers on transmission limits is analyzed. It is shown that using coordinated control of means of shunt compensation on ultra-long transmission lines allows to significantly increase not only the limit of transmission power, but also the level of small signal stability for these lines. 10.18721/JEST.25106 621.313.322 ultra-long distance AC transmission system shunt compensation operating conditions small signal stability controlled shunt reactor static var compensator synchronous condenser https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.6/ 6_Pereslitskih.pdf

RAR RUS 71-78 Khomiakov Konstantin Ustinov Denis bescheiden@rambler.ru Adjusting the method for calculation of electrical loads for enterprises of mineral resources industry Calculation of electrical loads is the primary task in design of each power supply system, and the reliability of the values obtained from such calculations directly affects the technical and economic indicators of the entire enterprise. This article discusses all stages of development of methods and approaches for determining the calculated values of electrical loads from experimental representation in the 1920s to modern methods. The approved method for calculation of loads is considered in detail and tested for reliability of the reference data and the actual values of the utilization coefficient obtained as a result of the studies carried out for the object of mining and processing production. We have confirmed the influence of the measures to improve energy efficiency and, as a consequence, the need to adjust the existing method for calculation of electrical loads. 10.18721/JEST.25107 621.311.1 calculation of electrical loads utilization factor calculated load factor energy saving measures correlation https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.7/ 7_Homyakov.pdf

RAR RUS 79-91 Drozdov Alexandr A_drozdi@mail.ru Rekstin Velocity diagrams of impellers of centrifugal compressor stages: analysis after preliminary design Development of centrifugal compressors consists of several steps, the most important of them being preliminary design. A variety of methods are applied for solving this problem. One of these methods was developed by Galerkin and Rekstin. However, this method did not fully resolve all issues and was not tested by practice. In addition to this method, we have proposed a technique for adjusting the relative height of impeller blades, taking into account Mach numbers and the isentropic coefficient. We have formulated an approach to determining the empirical coefficient for calculating the pressure characteristics of the impeller when solving for the direct problem that is calculating the characteristics of the stage with the dimensions determined by preliminary design. The presented changes were implemented in the program for preliminary design of centrifugal compressor stages. The effectiveness of primary design was tested with a program for inviscid quasi-three-dimensional calculation by verifying the shape of impeller blades. Three stages have been designed with different values of design parameters (loading factor and flow rate). Analysis of the velocity diagrams on impellers blades showed that they were designed according to the specified design parameters. 10.18721/JEST.25108 621.515 centrifugal compressor stage flow part preliminary design 3D-impeller 2D-impeller https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.8/ 8_Drozdov.pdf

RAR RUS 92-100 Likhanov Vitaly Lopatin Oleg Study on toxicity of biodiesel engine running on alcohol The paper substantiates the need for using biofuels based on alcohol in diesel engines. Such renewable environmental energy sources as methyl and ethyl alcohols were investigated. In order to develop, determine and optimize the composition of alcohol-fuel emulsions for use in diesel, studies were carried out for engines running on diesel fuel, methanol and ethanol fuel emulsions. We have found a promising solution to improve the environmental performance of diesel through using alcohol fuel emulsions, allowing to reduce the content of exhaust gases for engines running on methanol fuel emulsion: nitrogen oxides by 41.3 %, soot by 6.9 times, carbon dioxide by 6.7 %, carbon monoxide by 45.0 %; for engines running on ethanol fuel emulsion: nitrogen oxides by 50.2 %, soot by 5.2 times, carbon dioxide by 23.8 %, carbon monoxide by 25.0 %. 10.18721/JEST.25109 621.43 diesel engine methanol ethanol emulsion biofuel toxicity https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.9/ 9_Lihanov.pdf

RAR RUS 101-110 Kuznetsov Leonid «Compressor» Kuznetsov Yurii Burakov Aleksandr Kudla Nataliia Efficiency improvement of rotary compressors The article discusses the issues of digital design of rotary gas compressors, identifies additive technologies for manufacturing parts and assembly units mastered by industrial enterprises abroad and in Russia using 3D printing with metal and non-metallic materials in various industries (including aircraft manufacturing and power engineering). We have analyzed the most promising materials, achievements and development trends, analyzed the experience of using air and gas rotary compressors, investigated metallic and non-metallic materials used for manufacturing rotary compressors. We have identified the main factors determining low cost indicators and efficiency of rotary compressors, determined the optimal parameters of gas compressors to effectively solve industrial problems, proposed design methods and manufacturing techniques reducing material consumption and increasing the strength of parts and components of compressors. 10.18721/JEST.25110 621.514.4 compressor rotary efficiency additivity 3D printing https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.10/ 10_Kuznetsov.pdf

RAR RUS 111-123 Zhao Wen Zhavner Victor Smirnov Arkadii 123smirnov@list.ru Yan Chuanchao Application of pneumatic spring-return cylinders in mechatronic drives with energy recovery We have considered the questions of using pneumatic motors in spring drives for compensating for dissipative losses, fixing the drive in extreme positions of spring batteries. A class of problems has been identified in which spring drives with energy recovery are created using only pneumatic cylinders with return springs. Examples of using such drives in filling and packaging equipment have been considered. We have proposed to make pneumatic actuators with return springs in mechatronic drives constructed on the basis of linear spring accumulators with two springs. We have considered algorithms for compensation of dissipative losses in mechatronic drives. The maximum values of the mass which can be mixed by such mechatronic drives for each size of pneumatic cylinder have been determined. We have described a scheme for a dispenser of bulk products which is easy to disassemble and assemble for sanitary and hygienic processing. It is proposed to use pneumatic cylinders with return springs in mechatronic drives with energy recovery based on nonlinear spring batteries. Dependences for determining dissipative losses have been given. 10.18721/JEST.25111 621.01 spring drive dissipative losses energy recovery pneumatic cylinders dispensers packaging materials https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.11/ 11_CHzhao.pdf

RAR RUS 124-133 Pshizov Aydamir Effect of carrier deformation on load distribution along the face width of planetary gearbox We have studied the deformability of a planetary carrier from the standpoint of its effect on misalignment angles of the satellite axis. The formulae for calculating the values of these angles for each satellite engagement are shown separately. Carrier deformation has been calculated based on the numerical method. Examples of calculation of satellite axis misalignment and its parallel misalignment as a result of carrier deformation have been given. These deviations are included in the formulae for calculation of the face load factor. We have developed a refined method for calculating the face load factor as a result of carrier deformation. The method takes into account the loads on satellite axis and construction characteristics of the planetary carrier. The dependence of the face width factor on the deformability of the planetary carrier has been shown in the article. 10.18721/JEST.25112 621.833.61 planetary gear carrier deformation face load factor load distribution face width https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.12/

RAR RUS 134-142 Smirnov Arkadii 123smirnov@list.ru Zhavner Victor Scientific and methodological aspects in mechatronics The issues of training specialists in the field of mechatronics and robotics are considered. The problems arising from teaching this set of disciplines to engineering students are analyzed. We have formulated requirements for presenting materials based on a systematic approach to design of technological equipment in mechanical engineering. It is emphasized that creating a project for a highly efficient complex technical product is based on system analysis, mathematical modeling and optimization. The technical system as one of the varieties of the artificial system is characterized by transformation of mass, energy and information. Mechatronics is considered as a scientific and technical direction based on the main disciplines of science and technology. It is argued that the next stage in development of mechatronics is biomechatronics, where nanotechnologies in the field of biology and artificial intelligence will play a leading role. Structural and morphological features and functional properties of mechatronic systems have been considered. The role of technical and economic indicators in design of mechatronic production systems and the sequence of design stages have been highlighted. 10.18721/JEST.25113 621.865.8 (075.8) mechatronic system structural and morphological features functional properties synergy design sequence training specialists https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.13/ 13_Smirnov.pdf

RAR RUS 143-154 Pershin Vladimir Al-Shiblawi Karam Baranov Andrey Pasko Tatyana Production of low-layer graphene by liquid phase shear exfoliation The goal of this study is in investigating the effect of operating parameters on liquid-phase exfoliation and in testing the effectiveness of concrete modification with mechanically obtained graphene structures. Exfoliation was carried out with a rotor-stator mixer with the blades sliding on the inner surface of the rotor. The initial concentration of graphite in the aqueous suspension and the rotor speed were changed during the experiments. We have presented the results of the effect of these parameters on the processing time and the concentration of multilayer graphene structures formed through exfoliation. The finished suspension was used to prepare concrete samples for testing in compression and bending. It was established for the content of graphene structures of 1 mg/ml in water, used to prepare the concrete that its compressive strength increases by 1.7–2.5 times, bending strength by 1.2–1.5 times. The maximum concentration of graphene structures in the suspension is 1.7 mg/ml for the minimum time achieved at an initial graphite concentration of 50 mg/ml and a rotor speed of 10,000 rpm. 66.03 10.18721/JEST.25114 graphite graphene shear exfoliation concrete https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.14/ 14_Pershin.pdf

RAR RUS 155-162 Voznyakovskii Aleksei alexey_inform@mail.ru Koltsova Tatyana annelet@yandex.ru Kidalov Sergey kidalov@mail.ioffe.ru D-3061-2012 7003918449 0000-0001-9623-4001 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Tolochko Oleg

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Voznyakovskii Aleksandr Kumskov Aleksandr Synthesis of hybrid powder nanomaterial consisting of detonation nanodiamonds/carbon nanotubes and its stable reversible water nanofluids Researchers around the world are actively synthesizing and exploring hybrid carbon nanomaterials based on carbon nanotubes (CNT) and detonation nanodiamonds (DND). The motivation for study of such materials is the desire to combine the best properties of DND and CNT in a hybrid material. Modern industry can use hybrid materials in various areas of modern industry: from microelectronics and biomedicine to additives in composite materials. However, most of the currently synthesized hybrid materials of the DND–CNT composition are films, which makes it impossible to use them in many promising applications, for example, as additives in composite materials. This work shows the possibility of synthesizing a homogeneous hybrid material of the DNA–CNT composition in the form of powder by growing the CNT on the surface of the DNA using the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) method. Mass fraction of CNT was 32 wt. %. It was found that CNTs evenly cover the surface of DND agglomerates. A stable, reversible, aqueous suspension of a hybrid material with an average particle size of 50-60 nm was also obtained. The method of synthesis of the hybrid material with the DND–CNT composition, which we proposed in this work, will make it possible to expand the possible applications of such materials, as well as experimentally evaluate their effectiveness. 10.18721/JEST.25115 539.216 hybrid materials detonation nanodiamonds carbon nanotubes powder nanofluids https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.15/ 15_Voznyakovskiy.pdf

RAR RUS 163-173 Dyachkova Tatiana mashtatpetr@mail.ru. Tarov Dmitry Kobzev Dmitry Study of properties of polyethylene composites based on functionalized carbon nanotubes The efficiency of using additives of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized by titanium stearate for modification of heat-resistant polyethylene PE-RT is shown. For this purpose, we have determined strength characteristics, Shore hardness, thermal stability, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of PE–RT composites with technical carbon, raw and functionalized nanotubes at different concentrations of modifiers. The influence of carbon fillers (0.01–1.5 mass. %) on the values of thermal conductivity coefficients and thermal diffusivity is weak. Physical and mechanical properties of composites have been observed to improve at the concentrations of raw and functionalized CNTs equal to 1–1.5 and 0.01–0.1 mass. % respectively. Application of CNTs functionalized by titanium stearate allows to increase Shore hardness by 7 units, resistance to weight wear by 54%, strength characteristics by 8–12 %, as well as to reduce daily moisture absorption to zero. Thus, this method of functionalization reduces the consumption rate of CNTs by an order of magnitude and more with a stable positive effect on the properties of polyethylene composites. 539.2-022.532 10.18721/JEST.25116 functionalization carbon nanotube polyethylene composites physico-mechanical properties stearate-titanate groups https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.16/ 16_Dyachkova.pdf

RAR RUS 174-180 Demidov Alexander ph-chem@ftim.spbstu.ru Markelov Iliya Thermodynamics of reduction of iron oxides by carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide at constant oxygen content in the system Analysis of scientific literature on the thermodynamics of the processes of oxidation of metals and reduction of their oxides indicates that results of thermodynamic calculations depend on the formulation of equations of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions are usually written per mole of oxygen or per mole of carbon dioxide, with the equilibrium constant and equilibrium composition of the gas phase calculated. The calculated values of standard Gibbs energies are used for reference only in this case. It was shown in our previous articles that calculation and comparison of standard Gibbs energies of various reactions is only possible if reactions are written per mole of atoms of the initial substances (per mole of the system). In this paper, the proposed method of calculation is shown using the example of reactions of reduction of iron oxides by carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide at constant oxygen content in the system. 10.18721/JEST.25117 669.2 thermodynamics reduction iron iron oxides carbon monoxide carbon dioxide https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.17/ 17_Demidov.pdf

RAR RUS 181-189 Vaisberg Leonid Ustinov Ivan Phenomenology for vibration-induced size segregation and mixing of granular materials We have presented a generalized description for the processes of vibration-induced size segregation and mixing of granular materials from a thermodynamic standpoint. We have developed methods for calculating the total energy, enthalpy and entropy increment for the segregation and mixing processes. The calculations are based on the measured indicators of the process and on the fundamental properties of dry granular media. We have established that non-dissipative energy loss or entropy generation occur, without contradicting the second law of thermodynamics, in a system comprising a separator (averaging unit) and a polydisperse raw material in a gravitational field. We have confirmed that the above calculations are valid for the processes of segregation and mixing of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic granular materials. The tools developed can be used in designing different screening surfaces. 622.7 10.18721/JEST.25118 vibration-induced segregation vibration-induced mixing granular material thermodynamics enthalpy entropy https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.18/ 18_Vaysberg.pdf

PER RUS 190-193 7102629343 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Vasil'ev Yuriy interserv@spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Fedorov Mihail M.Fedorov@spbstu.ru Vasilii Andreevich Glukhikh: dedicated to the 90th anniversary of birth The article describes the activities of the famous scientist Vasily Andreyevich Glukhikh, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctor of technical sciences, professor, honorary head of the «NIIEFA named after D.V. Efremova», president of the group of companies OOO NIIEFAEnergo. 10.18721/JEST.25119 00:920:621:378 V.A. Glukhikh Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Department of Energy NIIEFA NIIEFAEnergo MHD-Mechanical Engineering https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.19/ 19_Vasilev.pdf

PER RUS 194-199 7102629343 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Vasil'ev Yuriy interserv@spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

7102545375 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Kirillov Alexander ai_kirillov@mail.ru, tot@pef.spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Alexander Radzig: dedicated to the 150th anniversary of birth The article contains biographical data and information about the creative path of a major scientist in the field of heat engineering and mechanics. The main stages of A.A. Radzig's pedagogical activity in Kiev and Leningrad Polytechnic institutes are reflected. His main works on thermodynamics, thermal engineering, applied mechanics and history of thermal engineering are mentioned. The role of A.A. Radzig as the found-er of the Leningrad school of turbo-builders is emphasized. 10.18721/JEST.25120 929:536:532:620.9 thermal engineering applied mechanics thermal engineering history the leningrad school of turbo-builders https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.107.20/ 20_Kirillov.pdf