Global Energy

REV RUS 6-22 Nigmatulin Bulat NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD. STATE AND FORECAST UP TO 2050 The stages (1970–2018), forecasts and prospects for development of the nuclear power industry in the world, in Russia and in other countries (2019–2050) are considered. The issues of nuclear fuel supply are analyzed. The paper presents an overview of construction and grid connection of nuclear power plants in the world in 1954–2018. We have given a classification for accidents at nuclear power plants and their impact on development of the nuclear industry is assessed. We have considered the dynamics of electricity generation at nuclear power units in 1970–2018, analyzing the explored and recoverable reserves, production volumes and the demand for natural uranium. We have composed a forecast for projected growth in total installed capacity of nuclear power units in the world up to 2050, a forecast for growth in global electricity generation at nuclear power plants, as well as forecasts for growth in global consumption of uranium and its proven reserves in 2016–2050. 10.18721/JEST.25401 602.9 nuclear power engineering macroeconomics electric generation NPP generating power forecasting https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.1/ 1_Nigmatulin.pdf

RAR RUS 23-30 Fedorov Mihail M.Fedorov@spbstu.ru Nazarythev Alеksandr Tadzhibaev Aleksei B-7916-2013 6601971248 0000-0002-1173-8727 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Korovkin Nikolay nikolay.korovkin@gmail.com

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

PROBLEMS OF CONTROLLING THE TECHNICAL STATE OF EQUIPMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS We have analyzed the measures to improve the theory for controlling the technical state of equipment in nuclear power plants. These measures should be considered as a comprehensive sectoral solution to the problem of ensuring reliable and safe operation of existing and newly constructed nuclear power plant units. The tasks discussed are of great importance for transition to a system for repairing NPP power equipment based on technical condition, as well as management of its operation, depending on reliability indicators throughout the life cycle of the NPP. The scientific and practical significance of solving these problems also consists in creating models, algorithms and computer programs aimed at ensuring reliable, safe and efficient operation of NPP power equipment. This is achieved by improving the system of maintenance and repair and operating modes, taking into account the actual technical state of the power equipment. 10.18721/JEST.25402 620.9 Power system Technical condition nuclear power plants equipment diagnostics technical diagnostics operational safety robust performance https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.2/ 2_Fedorov.pdf

RAR RUS 31-41 Kortikov Nikolay n-kortikov@yandex.ru UNCERTAINTIES IN MODELING THE THERMAL STATE OF COOLED GAS TURBINE BLADE We have proposed a method for calculating the uncertainties arising when using a boundary condition of the third kind in characteristic sections of the profile of a cooled gas turbine blade (flat smooth wall, ribbed wall, and wall with an air curtain). It is shown that uncertainty for a smooth wall increases with increasing values of the Biot numbers, while the error can reach 1.47 % with Biot numbers equal to 1.0. For a ribbed wall, the uncertainty rises to 2.4 %. The largest error associated with application of a boundary condition of the third kind occurs on a plate with a curtain blowing (the uncertainty can increase to 11 %). This method has been validated using the example of a cooled working blade at the Central Institute of Aviation Motors. Applying boundary conditions of the third kind introduces a significant error in determining the thermal state of the blade with a convective-film cooling system (especially for concave surface of the blade). The difference between the approaches is less pronounced on the back of the blade, due to formation of a more stable cooler film. Accounting for uncertainty allowed to reduce the error in calculating the thermal state of the cooled blade from 8 % to 3 % 10.18721/JEST.25403 532.529:536.24 gas turbine; convective film cooling system; uncertainty curved wall jet conjugation boundary condition of third kind https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.3/ 3_Kortikov.pdf

RAR RUS 42-53 Galaev Sergei sealga@mail.ru 7102545375 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Kirillov Alexander ai_kirillov@mail.ru, tot@pef.spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Ris Vladimir Smirnov Evgeny NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN LAST STAGE AND EXHAUST HOOD OF A POWERFUL STEAM TURBINE We have substantiated numerical studies of 3D unsteady turbulent flow in the flow section of the «last stage – exhaust hood» compartment of a powerful steam turbine. We have given the results of numerical simulation of the flow structure in the exhaust hood at normal and doubled radial clearance over the turbine impeller shroud ring for smooth and stepped conjugation of the meridian contours of the stage and the exhaust hood. The influence of the tip back-facing step on the power of the turbine’s last stage and the exhaust hood efficiency is estimated. It is shown that stepped conjugation causes a slight decrease in the stage power at nominal radial clearance. When the radial clearance is doubled, using the step leads to an increase in the power of the stage but twice as small as in the nominal clearance case. The influence of the step on the flow structure and localization of total pressure losses in the exhaust hood is considered. 10.18721/JEST.25404 621.165:532.556.2 steam turbine exhaust hood numerical simulation unsteady flow back-facing step conjugation https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.4/ 4_Galaev.pdf

RAR RUS 54-70 Popov Aleksandr Popova A Popova Diana TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF JET ELECTROLYTIC PLASMA PROCESSING The article discusses technological aspects of using jet focused electrolytic plasma treatment on the example of a part such as a flange made of steel 45Х. We have established that it was technologically possible to use electrolytic plasma discharge generated between the electrolytic cathode and the metal anode under pressure of 1×10³–10.1×10t Pa. Based on analysis, we have obtained the dependences for achieving polished surface of products. We have considered calculation of relative machinability coefficient and price for processing depending on complexity coefficients depending on processing time, material, shape and initial parameter Ra of surface roughness, processing accuracy. We have found the costs of consumables, power consumption in repetitive production. We have developed the design of a device for treatment of flange-type products. We have carried out comparative analysis of the costs for manufacturing equipment for jet focused electrolytic plasma treatment. We have formulated rules for protection of product surface and safe operation of personnel during servicing of units of jet focused electrolytic-plasma treatment. 10.18721/JEST.25405 621.78 jet focused electrolytic plasma treatment relative machinability factor power consumption materials https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.5/ 5_Popov.pdf

RAR RUS 71-82 Strizhius Vitalii MECHANISMS FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE ACCUMULATION IN LAYERED COMPOSITES UNDER COMPLEX PROGRAM LOADING: EXISTING HYPOTHESES We have considered three types of complex program cyclic loading, which are most often used in fatigue tests of samples from layered composites. It is noted that the choice of fatigue damage accumulation rule in fatigue life predictions of layered composites under similar loading is one of the main factors determining the accuracy of predictions. We have carried out review and brief analysis of five different fatigue damage accumulation rules, used by different authors in fatigue life predictions of layered composites under the given types of cyclic loading. We have analyzed practical applications of different fatigue damage accumulation rules when performing design estimates. In order to increase the accuracy of fatigue life estimates of layered composites under complex program loading, we made conclusions and recommendations for using different rules for a specific type of complex program loading. Results of fatigue life predictions of layered composites are presented, demonstrating the validity of conclusions and the proposed recommendations. 10.18721/JEST.25406 629.7.023 layered composites fatigue life estimation fatigue damage accumulation rules complex program loading https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.6/ 6_Strizhius.pdf

RAR RUS 83-93 Vologjanina Svetlana Igolkin Igolkin A. F. Petkova Ani apetkova@inbox.ru STUDY OF EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE AND DEFORMATION ON PROPERTIES OF AUSTENITIC STEEL 12KH18N10T The paper presents the results of studies of the combined effect of strain rate and low temperatures on the flow of martensitic transformations in steel 12X18H10T after heat treatment in an austenitized state. Metastable austenitic steels are widely used in low-temperature equipment, including for manufacturing of gas carrier tanks. Operation of components at low temperatures may impact both static and dynamic loads. It is known that the combined effect of temperature and deformation factors in metastable austenitic steels may result in martensitic transformations, which, on the one hand, can lead to hardening of the material but cause embrittlement of the material of low-temperature equipment parts on the other hand. The steel was smelted in an open way in an induction steelmaking capacity of 150 kg, poured into iron molds with a capacity of 50 kg. The obtained ingots were forged into square and round billets. The temperature for forging was 1050–1250 °C. Further, the billets were subjected to thermal treatment: austenitization under 1050–1100 °C and cooling in water. After heat treatment, samples were made from forgings for mechanical tests and subsequent additional metallographic and X-ray studies. Tests were carried out to assess the strength and ductility characteristics after testing of smooth samples for static tension in the temperature range from 20 to -196 °C in accordance with GOST 11150–75, as well as studies to assess the impact viscosity after impact bending tests in a wide temperature range (GOST 9454–78). After the tests, the share of martensitic component in the surface area of the destroyed sample was determined. Conclusions are made about the influence of the deformation rate on the phase transformations in metastable austenitic steels at low temperatures. We have established the dependence of deformed volume and the parameters characterizing the process of phase transformations at the stages of sufficiently developed plastic deformation on temperature. 10.18721/JEST.25407 669.018 metastable austenitic steel 12X18H10T strain rate mechanical properties phase transformations static tensile tests impact bending tests low temperatures https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.7/ 7_Vologzhanina.pdf

RAR RUS 94-106 Semenov Artem Getsov Leonid guetsov@yahoo.com EXTRAPOLATION METHODS FOR PREDICTING THERMAL FATIGUE LIFE OF SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS An extrapolation method for predicting thermal fatigue durability of single-crystal superalloys at temperatures lower than experimental ones is proposed based on the four-term deformation criterion of thermal fatigue failure. Verification of the proposed approach by results of separate tests of ZHS32, ZHS36 and VZHM4 alloys is carried out on plane corset specimens of different crystallographic orientations. It is shown that the error in determining the number of cycles for macrocrack initiation does not exceed one order of magnitude, while calculation by Manson’s formula of universal slopes that is widely used in practice can yield errors over two or three orders of magnitude. 10.18721/JEST.25408 539.4, 621.438 thermal fatigue durability curve single-crystal superalloys plasticity experiment modeling https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.8/ 8_Semenov.pdf

RAR RUS 107-115 Ozerskoi Nikolaii Popovich Anatoliy popovicha@mail.ru Ermakov Boris OBTAINING SPHERICAL POWDERS OF GRADE 5 ALLOY FOR APPLICATION IN SELECTIVE LASER MELTING TECHNOLOGY We have studied in detail the process of obtaining a spherical powder of titanium Grade 5 alloy using inductively coupled argon-helium plasma from the initial powder of the fragmentation form. The mode of spheroidization process was worked out, and a spherical titanium alloy powder with a high percentage of yield suitable for additive technologies was obtained as a result. The structure of the titanium alloy was studied in detail before and after the spheroidization process. The results of granulometric and X-ray diffraction analysis were also obtained. As a result of analysis of the structure, a conclusion was made about the change in the size of crystallites and the magnitude of microstresses, the parameters of the unit cell were calculated, as well as its volume before and after spheroidization of the given alloy. The values of crystallite sizes and microstresses in the alloy were calculated. 10.18721/JEST.25409 621.762.2 additive technology; plasmachemical synthesis; spheroidization; titanium alloy; microstructure https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.9/ 9_Ozerskoy.pdf

RAR RUS 116-123 Kim Artem E. Ozerskoi Nikolaii Ermakov Boris Popovich Anatoliy popovicha@mail.ru SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINUM NITRIDE NANOPOWDER IN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED NITROGEN PLASMA Spherical nanopowders with an aluminum nitride content of 11.6 to 48.8 % have been obtained. The synthesis was carried out in an inductively coupled nitrogen plasma with a power of 15 kV. Pure aluminum micron powder (99.9 %) was used as the starting component. To increase the concentration of nitride, melamine was introduced into the plasma simultaneously with aluminum as an additional source of nitrogen. Using X-ray diffraction, qualitative and quantitative phase composition of the synthesized nanodispersed powders was studied. The morphology and size of the samples were studied using scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction. The influence of different synthesis parameters (plasma-forming gas consumption, speed and point of supply of the initial powder into the plasma, etc.) on the final properties of the nanopowder is analyzed. A significant effect of the nitrogen-containing component and the feed rate of the powder into the plasma on the content of aluminum nitride in the synthesized powder have been established. 10.18721/JEST.25410 621.762.242 plasma-chemical synthesis aluminum nitride high-conductivity ceramics powder metallurgy inductively coupled plasma https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.10/ 10_Kim.pdf

PER RUS 124-132 Demidov Alexander ph-chem@ftim.spbstu.ru DMITRY KONSTANTINOVICH CHERNOV AND POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE: EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE The article describes the contributions made by D.K. Chernov to organizing the Department of Metallurgy of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. Refusing to participate in the work of the Polytechnic Institute personally, Chernov recommended his successor as chief metallurgist of the Obukhov Plant, engineer A.A. Rzheshotarsky, as a worthy candidate for the Department of Metallurgy. Rzheshotarsky contributed to organizing teaching and practical work in the Department of Metallurgy. Rzheshotarsky recommended to invite A.A. Baykov, future academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, to teach the disciplines of the metallurgical cycle. One of Baykov’s important achievements in the field of metallography was popularizing, following in Chernov’s and Rzheshotarsky’s footsteps, methods of metallographic research in Russia. The article describes the great contribution to development of materials science made by graduates of the Polytechnic Institute, academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences G.V. Kurdyumov and I.V. Gorynina, as well as the rector of St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Peter the Great academician A.I. Rudskoy. 10.18721/JEST.25411 001:929 Chernov D. K. Polytechnic Institute metallurgy metal science https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2019.110.11/ 11_Demidov.pdf