Global Energy

RAR RUS 7-18 Parashchuk Dmitriy Organic solar cells Today’s world’s demand for energy corresponds to capacity of about 13 TW, at the same time combustion of carbon-containing fuels produces about 80% of the world's energy. Since the combustion rate of such fuels is about 1,000 times higher than the rate of their natural accumulation, the available resources, especially oil and gas reserves, would be depleted in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, the solar power alone has the potential to fully meet the global human energy needs. The most convenient way to utilise solar energy is its conversion into electricity with solar panels (SPs) – solar photovoltaics. The term SP refers to a single solar cell (SC) with the dimensions not exceeding 20 cm, solar modules consisting of electrically connected SCs, as well as solar panels composed of modules. To meet all energy needs of the Russian Federation, it would be enough to cover an area of 100x100 square kilometres (=10 sq. Gm) with solar panels, which are 10% efficient. However, the current solar photovoltaic technologies do not allow this for economic reasons as a watt of solar photovoltaics is too expensive compared to a carbon watt. Nevertheless, the global installed capacity of solar photovoltaics has already exceeded 1 TW and shows annual growth rate of about 25%, with a gradually decreasing cost per solar watt. However, photovoltaics still account for only 5% of global electricity consumption. Organic solar cells https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.1/ Parashchuk.pdf

RAR RUS 19-40 Sysoev Artem Iudin Dmitry B-7916-2013 6601971248 0000-0002-1173-8727 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Korovkin Nikolay nikolay.korovkin@gmail.com

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Emelyanov Aleksey ZHAVORONKOV Ilya NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INITIAL BREAKDOWN PULSE AT THE LIGHTNING LEADER FORMATION STAGE The study presents a new method for numerical simulation of a specific form of intracloud lightning called Initial Breakdown Pulses (IBPs). They manifest themselves as a series of current surges with amplitudes ranging from units to several tens (in some cases hundreds) of thousands of amperes preceding a self-sustaining lightning leader formation. The proposed approach combines the elements of transmission line models, traditionally used to describe the main stage of lightning, and stochastic electrostatic models used to simulate the development of a three-dimensional lightning tree. It has a relatively high spatio-temporal resolution, takes into account discharge channels thermodynamics, and describes the leader channel sheath formation due to the leakage currents from the surface of a thin leader channel. The model reproduces a number of sequential processes occurring in a thundercloud, starting with the appearance of first streamer segments and ending with the formation of a well-conducting several hundred meters long lightning leader. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measured IBPs parameters. They indicate that IBPs may result from the so-called initial lightning leader formation which is accompanied with a rapid transition of the streamer plasma into the leader one. The resulting intense current surge is explained by a sharp dependence of equilibrium conductivity of hot leader plasma on its temperature. A comparison of the proposed numerical method with alternative IBPs models is presented. The results of the study are important for better understanding of the lightning initiation process, the mechanism of which remains the main unsolved problem of the physics of atmospheric electricity. 10.18721/JEST.31102 537.52+53.01+537.87 initial breakdown pulses initial leader lightning initiation intracloud lightning streamers leaders numerical simulation https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.2/ Sisoev%2C-Iudin%2C-Korovkin.pdf

RAR RUS 41-58 VOLKHOV Klim TITOV Dmitry KUDRYAVTSEV Andrey FIELD STUDIES OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE CONDITION OF LINEAR INSULATION IN PJSC “ROSSETI MOSCOW REGION” The article presents the results of testing the technology for assessing the state of linear insulation based on monitoring the leakage current parameters in a string of insulators. The technology allows for a quantitative assessment of the probability of insulator string overlap and power loss in them. A description of the hardware and software complex implementing the technology is given, which ensures the removal of leakage current oscillograms in three phases with a discreteness of 1 μs and meteorological parameters at the point of leakage current measurements. The dependences of the leakage current on external factors, as well as the degree of moistening of insulator strings under operating conditions, are revealed. 10.18721/JEST.31103 621.315.624 overhead power line insulating suspension insulator pollution insulator flashover leakage current insulation condition indicator device power loss https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.3/ Volhov%2C-Titov%2C-Kudryavtsev%2C-Tkachuk.pdf

RAR RUS 59-78 ROGALEV Andrey KINDRA Vladimir Komarov Ivan Zlyvko Olga Kovalev Dmitriy DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR A TRINARY POWER PLANT WITH MINIMAL EMISSIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE Today, most of the world's electric energy is generated by burning hydrocarbon fuels, which causes significant emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere by thermal power plants (TPP). In world practice, power facilities successfully use systems for cleaning flue gas from nitrogen oxides, sulfur and ash, but reducing carbon dioxide emissions at TPP is still difficult for technical and economic reasons. Thus, the introduction of carbon dioxide capture systems at modern power plants is accompanied by a decrease in net efficiency by 8–12%, which determines the high relevance of developing methods for increasing the energy efficiency of modern environmentally friendly power units. The purpose of the work is to develop and study combined-cycle power plants with an integrated steam methane reforming unit with minimal emissions of harmful substances. In the present work, the research revealed that the net efficiency of a binary CCGT with integrated post-combustion capture technology is 39.10%, binary CCGT with integrated pre-combustion capture technology– 40.26%, trinary CCGT with integrated post-combustion capture technology– 40.35% and a trinary CCGT with integrated pre-combustion capture technology– 41.62%. The highest efficiency of a trinary CCGT with integrated pre-combustion capture technology is due to a decrease in energy costs for carbon dioxide capture by 5.67 MW relative to CCGT with integrated post-combustion capture technology, and an increase in the efficiency of the CCGT steam-water circuit by 3.09% relative to binary cycles. 10.18721/JEST.31104 620.4 combined cycle plants steam methane reforming thermodynamic analysis thermal schemes energy efficiency https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.4/ Rogalev%2C-Kindra%2C-Komarov.pdf

RAR RUS 79-87 BYSTROV Alexandre ZVEREV Sergey FLYBACK CONVERTER WITH A KEY ACTING AS A COMMON COLLECTOR, DRAIN – EMITTER, SOURCE FOLLOWER This paper presents a basic flyback converter with inverted polarity of the output voltage. Important issues arising in the design of such devices are considered, such as the effects of parasitic elements, protection against faults and inclusion of a power switch according to the scheme with a common collector, drain (emitter, source follower). The effect of a transistor switch on thermal conditions of printed circuit boards of electronic devices is investigated. It is shown that if thermal processes in printed circuit boards are not considered at the development stage, this can lead to a decrease in the reliability of electronic devices. Modeling and analysis are performed in the Matlab Simulink environment. The main area of application of the inverting flyback converter considered in the paper is its operation in 0.4 kV networks as a secondary power source. 10.18721/JEST.31105 621.311.62 pulse converter flyback converter common collector drain emitter source follower printed circuit boards thermal processes https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.5/ Bistrov%2C-Zverev.pdf

RAR RUS 88-101 KHIAT Walid Belyaev Andrey andrey.belyaev@gmail.com GRID FREQUENCY SUPPORT WITH INTEGRATED DFIG-WIND TURBINE AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM The article presents two methods aimed at maintaining the frequency of the power system. The first method involves calculation and implementation of virtual inertia control (VIC) provided by a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). This approach is based on analyzing variations in the frequency response of DFIG, enabling the optimization of system's reaction to frequency fluctuations and enhancing stability of the power system. The second method uses an energy storage system (ESS) to release energy, thereby supporting frequency stability during overload conditions. The results demonstrate that the DFIG, when supported by the additional VIC method and with the integration of ESS, or even with the combined approach supports frequency stability and improves the dynamic response of the overall energy system. 10.18721/JEST.31106 621.311 wind turbine energy storage system virtual inertia doubly-fed induction generator https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.6/ Hiat%2C-Belyaev.pdf

RAR RUS 102-111 Kim Artem E. MAZEEVA Alina Razumov Nikolay n.razumov@inbox.ru VOLOKITINA Ekaterina Popovich Anatoliy popovicha@mail.ru STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOY FE6CO6AL3NI2MN In this work, high-entropy Fe6Co6Al3Ni2Mn alloy was obtained by mechanical alloying. The microstructure, phase and granulometric compositions of the powder were studied. Samples of the selected alloy with a porosity of less than 0.04% were obtained by spark plasma sintering followed by heat treatment. The phase composition of the samples after annealing at temperatures of 900, 950 and 1000°C consists of two body-centered cubic phases with a close lattice parameter. The effect of annealing temperature on the mechanical (hardness and compressive strength) and magnetic properties of the materials was established. The compressive strength of the samples ranged from 2163 to 2677 MPa, microhardness – from 646 to 718 HV. 10.18721/JEST.31107 621.762.22 high-entropy alloy mechanical alloying spark plasma sintering CALPHAD. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.7/ Kim%2C-Mazeeva%2C-Razumov.pdf

RAR RUS 112-121 Ermakov Boris Shvecov Oleg shvec_off@mail.ru ERMAKOV Sergey FEATURES OF USING POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN THE ARCTIC BELT The gradual shift of oil and gas production enterprises to the north-eastern regions of the country, characterized by extremely low temperatures, high humidity and seismicity, requires additional analysis of the possibility of using polymer composite materials (PCM) in building structures, devices and apparatus used in field development. Materials, usually used in conditions of static loading, can experience additional dynamic loads in case of seismic effects. In this work, the results of the research of the influence of external environmental impacts in this region on three most common PCMs based on polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide and polycarbonate are presented. Tests of impact toughness of PCMs in the temperature range from +20 to –60℃ and after intensive water absorption were carried out. 10.18721/JEST.31108 678 polymer composite materials extremely low climatic temperatures long-term cooling of samples water absorption impact toughness https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.8/ Ermakov%2C-Shvetsov%2C-Ermakov(1).pdf

RAR RUS 122-135 PAVLOV Andrey Borisova Margarita KAMALOV Almaz DIDENKO Andrei ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYIMIDE MATERIALS AND POLYIMIDE-BASED COMPOSITES This work investigates the electrophysical properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting polyimides (PI): electrical conductivity, dielectric strength, dynamic mechanical characteristics. In order to increase the dielectric strength, composite materials based on polyimide matrices are synthesized. The glass transition temperatures Tg for PI are determined by the dynamic mechanical analysis. With an increase in Tg, an increase in the modulus of elasticity and a decrease in the tangent of the mechanical losses are observed. In the temperature range below the glass transition temperature, the conductivity of PI does not depend on the flexibility of the macromolecule chain. The dielectric strength of PI at alternating voltage of industrial frequency (50 Hz) is determined. Compared to the Ultem film, the breakdown voltage of the domestic R-BAPS film is higher by 24%. At the same time, the introduction of fillers (Aerosil, fluoroplast) into R-BAPS and PMDA-ODA did not lead to an increase in the dielectric strength. 10.18721/JEST.31109 621.315.61 polyimide dielectric strength conductivity dynamic mechanical analysis https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.9/ Pavlov%2C-Borisova%2C-Kamalov%2C-Didenko(1).pdf

RAR RUS 136-145 NECHAEV Daniil Shvecov Oleg shvec_off@mail.ru ERMAKOV Sergey ASSESSMENT OF DEGRADATION OF PILE POLYMER COMPOSITE PIPES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF UV RADIATION, ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY This article examines the combined effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, elevated temperature and humidity on the mechanical properties of the pile pipe made of polymer-composite materials (PCM) based on polyester resin reinforced with basalt fiber and manufactured by the wet winding method. It is shown that UV radiation is one of the significant factors affecting the performance of PCM piles. Long-term exposure to UV radiation leads to a decrease in the strength properties and deformation capacity of PCM. Thus, a 20% decrease in strength properties occurs with UV exposure for 6100 hours. The cause of degradation of the mechanical properties of PCM under the influence of UV radiation is extensive surface erosion, leading to microcracking of the polyester base of the PCM with the subsequent formation of surface and subsurface pores. 10.18721/JEST.31110 678 PCM UV radiation material degradation material resource climatic tests predictive model climatic factors of aging https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2025.131.10/ Nechaev%2C-Shvetsov%2C-Ermakov.pdf