Global Energy

RAR RUS 5-14 Zabelin Nikolay n.zabelin.turbo@mail.ru Saichenko Andrei asaychenko@mail.ru DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY STEAM TURBINE WORKING ON ORGANIC FLUID FOR WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION This article discusses the waste heat utilization technology of various industries, by steam-turbine installations working by an organic Rankin cycle. Application of this technology allows making the electric power without any fuel expenses which allows to decrease the relative emission of production pollution, to decrease the environmental heat pollution and to increase the efficiency of fuel usage in the main production. As an example, the study presents a calculation of the potential of waste heat utilization for the PAO «Gazprom» gas transmission network, which amounts to 3,9 GW, allowing to reduce the relative emission of production pollution by 25 %. The article also offers information about the 560 kW organic turbine design and the problems of experimental research. 10.5862/JEST.249.1 621.165 STEAM TURBINE; ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE; HEAT UTILIZATION; EMISSION; HARMFUL EMISSIONS; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ORGANIC FLUID; HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.1/

RAR RUS 15-21 Shabanov Alexander aush2003@mail.ru Zaytsev Alexander zaytsev@lenrdu.so-ups.ru Metelev Andrey petmet@mail.ru Pystovalov Iurii SIMULATION PARAMETERS OF FRICTION AND WEAR CONJUGATION IN THE FRICTION CYLINDER The article presents the results of research which aims to develop a model of the friction units of the cylinder-piston group, i.e., the “piston ring — cylinder liner” and “piston trunk — cylinder liner” couples taking into account the change in the real state of the working surfaces of the mating parts and lubricating oil. We have examined the factors that have a progressive impact on the operation of the engine friction units during their wear life. The impact of these factors on the wear and forecasting it has been assessed. We propose the method for predicting the operation life and the real state of the engine. An experimental study to validate the developed method to the particular engine has been conducted. 10.5862/JEST.249.2 621.31 WEAR; INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE; LIFE PREDICTION; ENGINE OIL; TRIBOUNIT https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.2/

RAR RUS 22-28 Matrosov Artiom Isaev Yurii ymi30@mail.ru Sunarchin Robert MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF AN ELECTROHYDRAULIC DRIVE FOR A HYDRAULIC TURBINE The results of a systematic study of two mathematical models of a multi-actuator electro-hydraulic drive designed for a ring gate of hydraulic turbine movement are presented in the work. We have investigated the main factors which have a negative impact on the synchronization of the servo cylinder movement, such as the load capacity, the external forces – additionally applied to the servo cylinders, and the manufacturing error of hydraulic cylinder pistons. Functional dependences of the synchronization error from these factors have been obtained. These dependences allow to develop reasonable recommendations for selecting the main parameters of the hydraulic drive and determine the operation regularities of this drive. 10.5862/JEST.249.3 621.225.2: 62.822 RING GATE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE; MULTIACTUATOR HYDRAULIC DRIVE; SYNCRONIZATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER; MATHEMATICAL MODELING; MATLAB https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.3/

RAR RUS 29-38 Sebelev Alexander a.sebelev.turbo@mail.ru Saichenko Andrei asaychenko@mail.ru Zabelin Nikolay n.zabelin.turbo@mail.ru Smirnov Maxim m.smirnov.turbo@mail.ru NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPANSION PROCESS IN A TWO-STAGE AXIAL TURBINE OPERATING WITH MDM SILOXANE The problem of decreasing of fossil fuel consumption and energy efficiency is one of today’s major conceptions in the field of energy economics. Waste heat recovery is one of the promising solutions for this problem. One of the ways to increase efficiency of the waste heat recovery process is using siloxanes as working fluids for organic Rankine cycles (ORC). SPbPU scientists have analyzed peculiarities of the steady-state expansion process in the two-stage MDM siloxane turbine. The turbine is based on the principle of a classic velocity stage. First stage of the turbine was designed using the SPbPU high pitch-chord ratio supersonic design. The airfoils of the second stage are subsonic. A pressure ratio of the turbine is 37.2. Progressive steps of the initial temperature, pressure ratio and rotational velocity were used to obtain convergence of the solution process. The main factors, leading to the efficiency decreasing, were established and described. The efficiency and power output of the investigated turbine stage were estimated as 67 – 68% and 544 kW respectively. 10.5862/JEST.249.4 621.165.1 ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE AXIAL TURBINES MDM SILOXANE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.4/

RAR RUS 39-48 Borishanskii Konstantin knb37@mail.ru INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF MEASURING THE FLUTTER OF STEAM TURBINE BLADES IN SERVICE Flutter of turbine blades may be a reason of blade damage. Appearance of power steam turbines last stages shrouded blades flutter, realized with disk natural forms and in-phase natural forms, was registered in service by help of discrete-phase method modern variant. In this paper peculiarities of power steam turbines last stages shrouded blades flutter, realized in service with in-phase natural forms, are considered. Advantages and defects of registration of these natural forms with help of modern variant discrete-phase method induction gauges are studied. Appearance of additional errors during registration of flutter, realized with in-phase natural forms, is marked. These additional errors are called because of torsion and longitudinal vibration of turbine and generator rotors assembly and axial vibration of stator details, in which induction gauges are fastened. Measures, concerning of errors reduction, are recommended. 10.5862/JEST.249.5 621.165 STEAM TURBINE; BLADE; FLUTTER; DISCRETE-PHASE METHOD; MEASUREMENT; INDUCTION GAUGE; VIBRATION RELIABILITY. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.5/

RAR RUS 49-63 Shakirov Mansur manshak@mail.ru 2nТ-SHAPED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER COMPRISING n WINDINGS The new detailed 2nT-shaped equivalent circuits of a transformer containing n concentric windings, displaying on schematic all magnetic flux between the windings, in the windings, in the elements of the magnetic circuit and between it and the tank in case of saturation of the magnetic circuit is presented. It is based on the idea of stitching the 4T-shaped circuit models for two-winding transformers, considered as a unit cell of a more complex 2nT-shaped structure. The accuracy of the occurrence in various parts of the magnetic circuit with short-circuit one or more windings of the magnetic super- and counter-fluxes in comparison with the fluxes of idling is confirmed. It is shown that the observation of such anomalous fluxes in the equivalent circuit is possible due to the presence of negative inductances. It is proved that the multi-winding transformer equivalent circuits without negative elements are characterized by a three-diagonal matrix of inductances. 10.5862/JEST.246.6 621.313 TRANSFORMER; PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS; MAGNETIC FLUX; EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT; TREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER; MULTI-WINDING TRANSFORMER; SHORT CIRCUITED; IDLING; COUPLED INDUCTANCE. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.6/

RAR RUS 64-71 Solovyev Yuriy yury.solovyev@yahoo.com Nazarythev Alеksandr Tadzhibaev Aleksei DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE COVERED CONDUCTORS STATE DUE TO ELECTRICAL AGEING IN MOIST AND HIGHLY POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS Based on field experience, the paper has proved the practical importance of finding a solution for condition assessment of covered conductors due to electrical ageing under moisture and pollution. The analysis of combined impacts with respect to construction and material properties on tracking erosion of covered conductor and plastic components of OHL accessories was performed for the first time ever. A high-voltage laboratory setup for accelerated ageing tests was designed. A detailed description of the test method is given. We have developed a method for assessing the technical conditions, based on measuring the leakage current. The given diagnostic parameter provides the opportunity to its wide application within diagnostic procedures for condition assessment during electrical ageing in moist and polluted environments. 10.5862/JEST.249.7 621.315.35 COVERED CONDUCTOR; CONDITION ASSESSMENT POLLUTION; MOISTURE; ELECTRICAL AGEING; LEAKAGE CURRENT https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.7/

RAR RUS 72-80 A-9655-2014 7007045735 0000-0001-7385-147X Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Kondrat'ev Sergey petroprom2013@yandex.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Anastasiadi Grigory Ptashnik Alina alina_pv@mail.ru MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF HEAT- RESISTANT HP ALLOYS UNDER LONG-TIME OPERATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURES The structural instability of Fe-Cr-Ni-based superalloys and the mechanism of softening at operating temperatures were studied. We investigated the continuous changes in the structure and kinetics of dissolution of initial phases with formation and dissolution of intermediate phases of the cast superalloy 0,45C-26Cr-33Ni-2Si-2Nb under long-time operation at high temperature. The character and the sequence of phase transformations in Fe-Cr-Ni-based alloys at a temperature of 0,85-0,90 of their solidus, also under external loading, were found out. The structural instability of Fe-Cr-Ni-based superalloys and the mechanism of softening at operating temperatures were studied 10.5862/JEST.249.8 669.1.017:669.018.44:669.018.28 MICROSTRUCTURE; PHASE COMPOSITION; CAST MODIFIED 25CR–35NI HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS; DIFFUSION IN ALLOYS; STRUCTURAL STABILITY; KINETICS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.8/

RAR RUS 81-88 Tonitzki Andreas a.tonitzki@gmx.de Skvortsova Aleksandra hlobystic@mail.ru Koltsova Tatyana annelet@yandex.ru Ganin Sergey Danilova Marina marina.rakovskay@yandex.ru Shamshurin Аlexey ALUMINUM – CARBON NANOFIBERS COMPOSITE COATING PRODUCED BY COLD SPRAYING Carbon nanofiber (CNF) / aluminum hybrid material was prepared by direct synthesis of CNFs on the surface of aluminum powder particles in a fluidized bed reactor using acetylene and hydrogen at the temperature of 550 oC. This allowed to achieve a good dispersion of CNFs in an aluminum matrix with the CNF content up to 2%. The possibility for producing coatings based on aluminum, reinforced by carbon nanostructures in cold gas-dynamic spraying was shown. The Al-CNFs coatings showed about a 60% increase in the hardness compared with pure Al coatings. 10.5862/JEST.249.9 54.057; 66.08, 669 ALUMINU; SYNTHESIS; CARBON NANOFIBERS; COATING; POWDER METALLURGY https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.9/

RAR RUS 89-96 Krylov Nikolay Skotnikova Margarita Tsvetkova Galina tsvetkova_gv@mail.ru Ivanova Galina galura@yandex.ru INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE AND PHASE COMPOSITION OF THE MATERIAL OF STEAM TURBINE BLADES FROM TITANIUM ALLOYS ON THEIR RESISTANCE TO EROSIVE DESTRUCTION Titanium alloys keep a leading position in manufacturing steam turbine blades. The unique combination of high specific strength and fracture toughness, corrosion resistance, polymorphism, a tendency to phase transformations and high resistance to shock loading determined their wide application in power engineering. However, power engineering is still facing a problem of erosion damage of steam turbine blades as a result of a drop impact of vapor particles at speeds of 150...600 m / s. The complication in solving this problem is that it is difficult to establish a link between wear and structural-phase composition of the surface of turbine blades. In this paper, using optical metallography, electron microscopy, ray analysis and X-ray microspectral analysis, we developed a method for studying structural and phase transformations in the material of steam turbine blades of titanium alloy VT6 after technological treatments in different modes. An attempt was made to establish a link between resistance to erosion destruction and structural and phase composition of titanium alloys. 10.5862/JEST.249.10 669.295: 669.018 STEAM TURBINE; STRUCTURAL AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS; OPTICAL METALLOGRAPHY; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X-RAY MICROSPECTRAL ANALYSIS. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.10/

RAR RUS 97-104 Shusharina Nataliia nnshusharina@gmail.com Goikhman Aleksandr aygoikhman@gmail.com Bogdanov Evgenii eubogdanov@gmail.com Chupakhin Evgenii chupakhinevgen@gmail.com Sotnikov Egor sotnikovegor94@gmail.com Vasilyeva Ekaterina katrinfr@inbox.ru Bulanov Sergei sbulanovs@gmail.com Patrushev Maksim maxpatrushev@gmail.com NEW MATERIALS FOR DNA ISOLATION Except silicon dioxide, commonly used for DNA isolation, such metal oxides (V) as Ta2O5, Nb2O5 and V2O5 were proposed for this purpose. A method for covering magnetic iron-based nanoparticles with metal oxides (V) was suggested. The synthesized nanoparticles were used for DNA extraction and the amount of isolated DNA was compared with the commercially available magnetic particles coated with silicon dioxide. Magnetic nanoparticles covered with Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 showed- a greater adsorption capacity as compared with the same nanoparticles covered with silica and commercial samples. The synthesized nanoparticles can be suitable for DNA extraction in clinical or research laboratories. The functional thin films for fast and effective DNA extraction are of great interest for neurobiology investigations. 10.5862/JEST.249.11 539.232 SOLGEL; THIN FILMS; DNA MAGNETICAL NANOPARTICLES; XPS. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.11/

RAR RUS 105-110 Kushchenko Aleksandra aleksandra.kushchenko@rambler.ru 6602962915 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia Bashkarev Albert bashkarev@spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

CONTROL OF FRICTION PROPERTIES IN POLYAMIDE COATINGS IN TENSION JOINTS Tension joints are used to transfer twisting moments and axial loads due to friction forces, which occur on contacting surfaces as a result of their elastic deformation created by tension in assembly. During operation, joints made of steel elements deteriorate due to fretting corrosion caused by alternating loads, common for many types of machines and equipment. One of the ways to fight this condition is to apply thin-layer polymer coatings. The paper presents the results of research in adhesion strength and the static coefficient of friction of a thin-layer polyamide coating and polyamide-based composites on steel. It is revealed that the best friction and adhesion properties are demonstrated by a polyamide composite with 20-40% of mass fraction of red iron oxide. Its static coefficient of friction on steel is comparable to the static coefficient of friction of steel on steel while adhesion to a steel surface on failure is 40% higher than that of a pure polyamide coating. 10.5862/JEST.249.12 621.88.084.4 TENSION JOINTS; POLYAMIDE COATINGS; ADHESION; STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION; FRETTING CORROSION. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.12/

RAR RUS 111-117 Mamutov Viacheslav vmamutov@mail.ru Mamutov Alexander Kunkin Sergei ksn54@mail.ru Arsentyeva Xenia xenia.ars@gmail.com Method of obtaining FLD for using in simulation of metal forming by movable medi A combined numerical and experimental technique to obtain a Forming Limit Diagram of thin sheet metal for metal forming by movable media was developed. The technique is based on deforming sheet samples until failure by pressure of polyurethane into a variety of the elliptical dies. The required strain state is defined by the proportion of elliptical die window. Through-thickness strain of the sample near to a zone of failure or necking was measured, and major in-plane strains were obtained by finite-element simulation based on the known metal properties. The simplicity of measurements and the absence of a grid on the surface of the sample are the advantages of the suggested technique. Points of the Forming Limit Diagram for the specific thin sheet stainless steel where obtained. 10.5862/JEST.249.13 621.73.011 Metal forming by movable media forming limit diagram combined numerical-experimental technique destruction of samples by pressure of polyurethane measurement of thickness of the sample finite-element calculation of relationships between the majo https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.13/

RAR RUS 118-127 Hoodorozhkov Sergey xcu-55@mail.ru. The mechanical stepless impulse type transmission for advanced small-sized transport An alternative option of mechanical stepless impulse type transmission for smallsized transport is con sidered in this paper. The proposed selfregulating automatic stepless transmission allows to signifi cantly improve the technical characteristics of modern CVTs with respect to power and kinematic ranges as well as design simplicity. In this investigation, the theoretical analysis findings of the operating processes dynamics and kinematics in impulse transmission are presented for the ATV case in the MATLab – Simulink visual programming environment. It also contains the project efficiency assessment. The results showed that the proposed scheme of mechanical stepless transmission of impulse type has the property of velocity ratio selfregulation. The transmission provides the vehicle’s smooth acceleration and uniform motion, without the center differential required. At each wheel’s slipping a tractive effort will be transmitted up to the traction limit. As a result the wheel lock is not required in order to improve traction properties. The design of mechanical stepless transmission of impulse type is significantly sim pler and cheaper than that of the existing automatic transmissions, it has smaller internal power loss and high application potential in smallsized vehicles. 621.85 10.5862/JEST.249.14 Mechanical stepless transmission impulse transmission CVT small-sized transport simulation matlab simscape dynamics operating procedure acceleration characteristic https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.14/

RAR RUS 128-136 Gavrilov Petr SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CRANES REGARDING GEOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL NONLINEARITIES The paper studies the problem of factoring geometric and physical nonlinearities in seismic analysis of cranes. An experimental study of factoring nonlinear characteristics of dynamics model was conducted. A series of mathematical models were developed to describe different ways of linearization of the experimental model. Comparison of results shows that physical nonlinearity of wire ropes is not required as factor in seismic analysis of cranes. Therefore, contact between wheel and rail and one-sided stiffness of wire ropes are required to be taken into account. Any liberalization of the dynamical model entails deviation of stresses, displacements and accelerations as results of the analysis. 10.5862/JEST.249.15 621.873 SEISMIC ANALYSIS; CRANE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; NONLINEAR DYNAMICS MODEL; MECHANICS. https://engtech.spbstu.ru/article/2016.97.15/